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Methodology & disclaimers

Graham-inspired analysis, adapted to available modern market data. Every result unfolds into its formula, its figures and the exact published report they came from.

Value Score. A weighted review out of 100 across five criteria: Financial Strength, Earnings Quality & Stability, Profitability, Dividend Record and Valuation. A criterion a company does not publish data for is marked “Data unavailable — criterion not evaluated”, never estimated.

Graham Analysis. The Graham Number, the square root of 22.5 multiplied by earnings per share and book value per share, reviewed criterion by criterion.

Estimated Fundamental Value. A range, not a point: it runs from the Graham Number to earnings capitalised at 10 percent. The Margin of Safety compares the current price with the midpoint of that range.

Data. Figures come from companies’ published financial statements and BRVM filings, plus public market data. Every figure shows its period and links to its source. Prices can be delayed.

Disclaimers. ValueScope is independent research for information only. It is not investment advice, not a recommendation, and never a promise of return. Estimates carry uncertainty; value investing can lose money. Do your own research before any investment decision.